What is Scala? A Complete Guide to Scala Programming

What is Scala? A Robust and High-Caliber programming language that changed the world of big data. Scala is capable enough to outrun the speed of the fastest existing programming languages. I’ll walk you through this What is Scala article so that you can understand the true capabilities of Scala.

I’ll line up the docket for this as below.

• What is Scala?
• Why we need Scala?
• Scala and other languages
• Features of Scala
• Frameworks of Scala
• Variables in Scala
• Collections in Scala
• Control Statements in Scala
• Applications of Scala
• Scope for Scala

So, let us begin with our first question.

What is Scala?

Well, Scala is a programming language invented by Mr. Martin Odersky and his research team in the year 2003.

Scala is a compiler based and a multi-paradigm programming language which is compact, fast and efficient. The major advantage of Scala is the JVM (Java Virtual Machine). Scala code is first compiled by a Scala compiler and the byte code for the same is generated, which will be then transferred to the Java Virtual Machine to generate the output.

Thus, the Scala became the key to success for managing the huge amount of big-data.

Now that we know the importance of Scala, let us now understand why actually it is the most preferred language in the present trends.

Why we need Scala?

• Scala is capable to work with the data which is stored in a Distributed fashion. It accesses all the available resources and supports parallel data processing.
• Scala supports Immutable data and it has support to the higher order functions.
• Scala is an upgraded version of Java which was designed to eliminate unnecessary code. It supports multiple Libraries and APIs which will allow the programmer to achieve Less Down Time.
• Scala supports multiple type Constructs which enables the programmer to work with wrappers/container types with ease.

Now that we have understood the requirements for which we needed Scala. Let us move into the comparison between the other languages and find out why it gets an edge over the other similar programming languages.

Scala and Other Languages

The Name Scala portraits the scalability the language is capable of offering, now you might raise a question. Aren’t the latest programming Languages like Python, Ruby, Perl and the Legendary Java not scalable?

The answer is yes, they are scalable, but with some restrictions like the boiler plated codes like system.print.ln in Java. Scala is invented to overcome these limitations and minimize the execution time and complexity of the code.

In the year 2006 Twitter was introduced in America and the developers used ruby on rails as their weapon of choice to develop this application, which later proved out to be a wrong choice when they had to manage the gigantic amount Big-Data which was dropping into the Twitter.

Then they switched their backend to Java and used Scala as their new programming language to handle the big data using Hadoop and Spark frameworks which worked in a spectacular way. You can get a better understanding with the Microsoft Azure Data Engineer.

Now we know the capabilities of Scala, Let us now understand its powerful features:

Features of Scala

• Object-oriented Programing Language:

Scala is both a functional Programming Language and an object-oriented programming Language. Every variable and value which is used in Scala is implicitly saved as an object by default.

• Extensible Programming Language:

Scala can support multiple language constructs without the need of any Domain Specific Language (DSL)Extensions, Libraries, and APIs.

• Statically Typed Programming Language:

Scala binds the Datatype to the variable in its entire scope.

• Functional Programming Language:

Scala provides a lightweight syntax for defining functions, it supports higher-order functions, it allows functions to be nested.

• Interoperability:

Scala compiles the code using scala compiler and converts code into Java Byte Code and Executes it on JVM.

 The best way to become a Data Engineer is by getting the Azure Data Engineering Course in Atlanta.

These were the Features of Scala and let us get into few of the frameworks of Scala is capable to support.

Frameworks of Scala

Akka, Spark, Play, Neo4j, Scalding are some of the major frameworks that Scala can support.

• Akka is a toolkit on runtime for building highly concurrent, distributed, and fault-tolerant applications on the JVM. Akka is written in Scala, with language bindings provided for both Scala and Java. 
• Spark Framework is designed to handle, and process big-data and it solely supports Scala.
• Play framework is designed to create web applications and it uses Scala in the process in order to obtain the best in class performance.
• Scalding is a domain-specific language (DSL)in the Scala programming language, which integrates Cascading. It is a functional programming paradigm used in Scala which is much closer than Java to the original model for MapReduce functions.
• Neo4j is a java spring framework supported by Scala with domain-specific functionality, analytical capabilities, graph algorithms, and many more. 

These were the popular Frameworks supported by Scala, Now let us understand the variables and data types in Scala.

Variables in Scala

Variables can be defined as the reserved memory locations used to store the values. Similarly, we do have variables in Scala Programming Language as well. The Variables in Scala are divided into two types.

Mutable Variables

These variables allow us to change a value after the declaration of a variable. Mutable variables are defined by using the var keyword. The first letter of data type should be in capital letter because in Scala data type is treated as an object.

var b = "Edureka"
b = "Brain4ce Organisation"

output:

b: String = Edureka
b: String = Brain4ce Organisation


In this case, the variable will accept the new string and displays it.

Immutable Variable 

These variables do not allow you to change a value after the declaration of a variable. Immutable variables are defined by using the val keyword. The first letter of data type should be in capital letter because in the Scala data type is treated as objects.

val a = "hello world"
a = "how are you"

output:

a: String = hello world
<console>:25: error: reassignment to val
a = “how are you”
^

This code will give an error and the new value will not be accepted by the variable a.

Lazy Evaluation

lazy val x = 100
x*2

output:

x: Int = <lazy>
res: Int = 200

Lazy Evaluation is the primary feature of Scala which bought it the dignity of a whole new level. Here, the declared variable will not be accessed or any operation is not performed on to the variable unless the programmer particularly accesses it and performs an operation on to it.

In simple words, it is an On-Demand execution of an operation which saves a lot of memory and processing resources in real-time.

Datatypes supported in Scala are as follows.

Collections in Scala

Arrays

An array is a data structure which stores a fixed-size sequential collection of elements of the same data type.

We shall look into a few examples of arrays in Scala

• Here we are creating an Array of integer type which is empty and will store 0 as a default value in all its memory locations.

val array = new Array[Int](10)

output:

array: Array[Int] = Array(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

• We can access the memory location and ingest a value into the array.

array(0) = 10
array(1) = 2

output:

array: Array[Int] = Array(0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)
res: Array[Int] = Array(10, 2, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0)

• Let us create an array of String Datatype and print each of the values in a new line using a for loop.

val mystring = Array("Edureka", "Brain4ce", "Organisation")
for ( x <- mystring )
{
println( x )
}

output:

Edureka
Brain4ce
Organisation

• Let us now learn about ArrayBuffer. We need to import the following Library before we perform any of the operations on an Array Buffer

import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer

output:

import scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer

• Let us create an Array Buffer of Integer type.

val a = ArrayBuffer[Int]()

output:

a: scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer()

• Let us insert an element into the Array Buffer

a += 1

output:

res: a.type = ArrayBuffer(1)

• Let us insert Multiple elements into the Array Buffer.

a += (2,3,4,5)

output:

res: a.type = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

• Let us insert a complete Array into the Array Buffer

a ++= Array(6, 7, 8)

output:

res: a.type = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)

• Let us perform some basic operations on the Array Buffer.
• This function is used to trim the last two elements of the Array Buffer.

a.trimEnd(2)

output:

res: a.type = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8)
res: scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

• This function is used to insert element 9 in the 2nd memory location of the Array Buffer.

a.insert(2, 9)

output:

res: scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
res: scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 9, 3, 4, 5, 6)

• This function is used to insert elements (0,9,6,1) in the 2nd memory location of the Array Buffer.

a.insert(2,0,9,6,1)

output:

res: scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 9, 3, 4, 5, 6)
res: scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 0, 9, 6, 1, 9, 3, 4, 5, 6)

This function is used to remove an element in the second memory location of the Array Buffer.

a.remove(2)

output:

res: scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 0, 9, 6, 1, 9, 3, 4, 5, 6)
res: Int = 0
res: scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 9, 6, 1, 9, 3, 4, 5, 6)

• This function is used to remove three elements from the Array buffer, starting from the second memory location.

a.remove(2, 3)

output:

res: scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 9, 6, 1, 9, 3, 4, 5, 6)
res: scala.collection.mutable.ArrayBuffer[Int] = ArrayBuffer(1, 2, 9, 3, 4, 5, 6)

• Let us perform some common operations on the Array Buffer
• Sum function is used to perform the summation of all the elements in the Array Buffer.

Array(1,2,3,4).sum

output:

res: Int = 10

• Max function is used to find the element with the maximum in the Array Buffer.

Array(1,2,3,4).max

output:

res: Int = 4

• Let us perform a quicksort on the Array Buffer.

val a = Array(1,5,3,2,4)
scala.util.Sorting.quickSort(a)

output:

a: Array[Int] = Array(1, 5, 3, 2, 4)
res: Array[Int] = Array(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)

Lists

The Scala List is an immutable sequence of elements, implemented as a linked list. Unlike an array, a linked list consists of many small objects, each containing a reference to an object as well as a reference to the rest of the list

Now we shall look into few examples of lists in Scala.

• Creating a Scala List object

val list = 1 :: 2 :: 3 :: Nil
val list = List(1,2,3)

output:

list: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3)
list: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3)

• Adding Element to List

val x = List(2)
val y = 1 :: x
val z = 0 :: y

output:

x: List[Int] = List(2)
y: List[Int] = List(1, 2)
z: List[Int] = List(0, 1, 2)

• delete elements from a Scala List or ListBuffer

val originalList = List(5, 1, 4, 3, 2)
val newList = originalList.filter(_ > 2)

output:

originalList: List[Int] = List(5, 1, 4, 3, 2)
newList: List[Int] = List(5, 4, 3)

• Let us import List Buffer

import scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer

output:

import scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer

• Creating List Buffer

val x = ListBuffer(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

output:

x: scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer[Int] = ListBuffer(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

• You can delete one element at a time, by value:

x -= 5

output:

res: x.type = ListBuffer(1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9)

• You can delete elements by position:

x.remove(0)

output:

res: Int = 1
res: scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer[Int] = ListBuffer(2, 3, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9)

• The List ‘range’ method

val x = List.range(1,10)

output:

x: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9)

• The range function can also take a third argument which serves as a “step“

val x = List.range(0,10,2)

output:

x: List[Int] = List(0, 2, 4, 6, 8)

• The List ‘fill’ method

val x = List.fill(3)("Apple")

output:

x: List[String] = List(Apple, Apple, Apple)

• The List class ‘tabulate’ method
• The tabulate method creates a new List whose elements are created according to the function you apply

val x = List.tabulate(5)(n = n + n)

output:

x: List[Int] = List(0, 2, 4, 6, 8)

• prepend items to a List
• create a List

val x = List(1,2,3)

output:

x: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3)

• prepend an element to the list

val y = 0 :: x

output:

y: List[Int] = List(0, 1, 2, 3)

• Appending and merging Lists

val a = List(1,2,3)
val b = List(4,5,6)
val c = a ::: b

output:

y: List[Int] = List(0, 1, 2, 3)
a: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3)
b: List[Int] = List(4, 5, 6)
c: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

• You can also merge two Scala lists using the List’s concat method:

val c = List.concat(a, b)

output:

c: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)

• Iterating lists with foreach

val x = List(1,2,3)
x.foreach { println }

output:

x: List[Int] = List(1, 2, 3)
1
2
3

• add one element at a time to the ListBuffer

var flowers = new ListBuffer[String]()
flowers += "Rose"
flowers += "Lilly"
flowers += "Tulip"

output:

flowers: scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer[String] = ListBuffer()
res: scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer[String] = ListBuffer(Rose)
res: scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer[String] = ListBuffer(Rose, Lilly)

• add multiple elements

flowers += ("Daisy", "Sunflower", "Jasmine")

output:

res: scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer[String] = ListBuffer(Rose, Lilly, Tulip, Daisy, Sunflower, Jasmine)

• remove one element

flowers -= "Rose"

output:

res: scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer[String] = ListBuffer(Lilly, Tulip, Daisy, Sunflower, Jasmine)

• remove multiple elements

flowers -= ("Lilly", "Tulip")

output:

res: scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer[String] = ListBuffer(Daisy, Sunflower, Jasmine)

• remove multiple elements specified by another sequence

flowers --= Seq("Daisy", "Sunflower")

output:

res: scala.collection.mutable.ListBuffer[String] = ListBuffer(Jasmine)

• convert the ListBuffer to a List when you need to

val flowersList = flowers.toList

output:

flowersList: List[String] = List(Jasmine)

Sets

A Set is a collection that contains no duplicate elements. By default, Scala uses the immutable Set. If you want to use the mutable Set, you’ll have to import the library called,

import scala.collection.mutable.Set class explicitly.

We shall try out some examples of sets in Scala.

• Set is a collection that contains no duplicate elements. There are two kinds of Sets, the immutable and the mutable.

var s : Set[Int] = Set()
var s : Set[Int] = Set(1,1,5,5,7)

output:

var s : Set[Int] = Set()
var s : Set[Int] = Set(1,1,5,5,7)

• Immutable set

var s = Set(1,3,5,7)

output:

s: scala.collection.immutable.Set[Int] = Set(1, 3, 5, 7)

• Basic operational methods

val fruit = Set("apples", "oranges", "pears")
println( "Head of fruit : " + fruit.head )
println( "Tail of fruit : " + fruit.tail )
println( "Check if fruit is empty : " + fruit.isEmpty )
val nums: Set[Int] = Set()
println( "Check if nums is empty : " + nums.isEmpty )

output:

fruit: scala.collection.immutable.Set[String] = Set(apples, oranges, pears)
Head of fruit : apples
Tail of fruit : Set(oranges, pears)
Check if fruit is empty : false
nums: Set[Int] = Set()
Check if nums is empty : true

• Concatenating Sets
• You can use either ++ operator or Set.++() method to concatenate two or more sets,
  but while adding sets it will remove duplicate elements.

val fruit1 = Set("apples", "oranges", "pears")
val fruit2 = Set("mangoes", "banana", "oranges")
val fruit = fruit1 ++ fruit2
fruit

output:

fruit1: scala.collection.immutable.Set[String] = Set(apples, oranges, pears)
fruit2: scala.collection.immutable.Set[String] = Set(mangoes, banana, oranges)
fruit: scala.collection.immutable.Set[String] = Set(banana, apples, mangoes, pears, oranges)

• use two or more sets with ++ as operator 
• Mutable set
• Add elements to a mutable Set with the +=, ++=, and add methods:
• use var with mutable

var set = scala.collection.mutable.Set[Int]()

output:

set: scala.collection.mutable.Set[Int] = Set()

• add one element

set += 1

output:

res: scala.collection.mutable.Set[Int] = Set(1)

• add multiple elements

set += (2, 3)
set.add(6)
set.add(2)

output:

res: scala.collection.mutable.Set[Int] = Set(1, 2, 3)
res: Boolean = true
res: Boolean = false

Maps

A Scala Map is a collection of a Key-value pair. A map cannot have duplicate keys, but different keys can have the same values

We shall try a few examples of maps in Scala.

val colors1 = Map("red" -> "#FF0000", "azure" -> "#F0FFFF", "peru" -> "#CD853F")
val colors2 = Map("blue" -> "#0033FF", "yellow" -> "#FFFF00", "red" -> "#FF0000")
colors1.keys
colors1.values
colors1.isEmpty
var colors = colors1 ++ colors2

output:

res: Iterable[String] = Set(red, azure, peru)
res: Iterable[String] = MapLike(#FF0000, #F0FFFF, #CD853F)
res: Boolean = false

Let us check another example in maps.

val mapping = Map("virat" -> "kohili", "mahendra" -> "singhdhoni")
val mapping = scala.collection.mutable.Map("virat" -> "kohili", "mahendra" -> "singhdhoni")
mapping("virat")
mapping -= "mahendra"
mapping += ("ajay"-> "sharma")
mapping.getOrElse("virat", 0)

output:

mapping: scala.collection.immutable.Map[String,String] = Map(virat -> kohili, mahendra -> singhdhoni)
mapping: scala.collection.mutable.Map[String,String] = Map(mahendra -> singhdhoni, virat -> kohili)
res: String = kohili
res: mapping.type = Map(virat -> kohili)
res: mapping.type = Map(virat -> kohili, ajay -> sharma)
res: Any = kohili

Tuples

Scala tuple combines a fixed number of items together so that they can be passed around. Unlike an array or list, a tuple can hold objects with different types, but they are also immutable. The following is an example of a tuple holding an integer, a string.

We shall try a few examples of tuples in Scala.

val a = (1,2,"Ajay","Devgan")
a._1
a._3

output:

a: (Int, Int, String, String) = (1,2,Ajay,Devgan)
res: Int = 1
res: String = Ajay

These were the Collections supported by Scala, Now let us understand the Control Statements.

Control Statements in Scala

Now with this, we shall move into our next topic, the control statements.

If

An if statement decides to execute which of the two given statements.

for (i <- 0 to 5; j <- 0 to 5 if i==j)
println(i + j)

output:

0
2
4
6
8
10

if else

An if statement which will be followed by an else statement which executes one of the two statements. if the condition provided at the if block is true then the if block statements will be executed. else, the statements at the else block will be executed.

var x = 5
val s = if (x > 0 && x < 6) 1 else 0
val s =if (x > 0 && x < 6) "positive" else 0

output:

x: Int = 5
s: Int = 1
s: Any = positive

While

While is a control statement which checks the condition and determines whether to execute a particular set of statements present in the loop or not.

var args = "Edureka"
println("length is " + args.length)
var i = 0
while(i < args.length)
{
println(args(i))
i+= 1
}

output:

E
d
u
r
e
k
a

Do while

Do While loop is similar to While loop with the only difference which is the condition to the loop lies at the end of the loop program block as shown below. The Do while loop executes at least for once as the condition checked after the execution of statements in the block.

var x=7
do
{
println(x)
x=x-1
}while(x > 0);

output:

7
6
5
4
3
2
1

For

For loop is a simple loop which has an initializing variable, counter variable and a condition in it. The initializing variable will be initialized to a certain value and counter variable counts the iterations and the iterations will run until the provided condition is true.

for ( i <- 1 to 5)
println(i)
#Advaned For Loop
for (i <- 0 to 5 if i==j)
println(10*i + j)

output:

1
2
3
4
5

output (Advanced For Loop):

0                                                         
11
22
33
44
55

For each iteration of your for loop, yield generates a value which will be remembered.
It’s like the for loop has a buffer you can’t see, and for each iteration of your for loop, another item is added to that buffer. When your for loop finishes running,
it will return this collection of all the yielded values.

for (i <- 1 to 5) yield i
for (i <- 1 to 5) yield i * 2

output:

res: scala.collection.immutable.IndexedSeq[Int] = Vector(1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
res: scala.collection.immutable.IndexedSeq[Int] = Vector(2, 4, 6, 8, 10)

Foreach

Foreach control statement is similar to the for loop on the only difference is it prints each value and to iterate items in a list, we can use for loop. It operates on arrays or collections such as ArrayList, which can be found in the System.

var args= "Hello"
args.foreach(println(arg))

output:

H
e
l
l
o

Find the area of a circle

def area (radius: Int): Double= {
println("This is a function to perfrom double operations")
3.14 * radius * radius
}
area(radius)

output:

res: Double = 1384.74

Now Let us understand the Applications where we require Scala.

Applications of Scala

Scala is a powerful programming language that has the capabilities to support multiple functionalities.

Some of the major applications of Scala are as follows:

• Designing Web Applications and Web Pages
• Spark Framework uses Scala to perform real-time data streaming
• Concurrency and Distributed data processing applications
• Scala supports both Batch Data Processing and Parallel Data Processing
• Spark Framework uses Scala in Data Analytics

Now, these were a few important applications of Scala, Let us now look into the scope we have for Scala Programming Language.

Scope for Scala

Scala is the miracle of the 20th century in multiple streams. It has seen astounding growth since day one and it is for sure it is one of the programming languages which is in higher demand. The stats below explain more about the scope of Scala in the near future.

The chart below describes the permanent jobs and Contract based jobs available based on the knowledge of Scala Programming Language.

So, with this, we come to an end of this article. I hope we sparked a little light upon your knowledge about Scala, Its features and the various types of operations that can be performed using Scala.

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